Milk
Bacterial growth in Milk at different temperatures
Initial count – 2300 / ml
Milk stored for 24 hrs
Bacterial count / ml
Stored at 4 deg C 2,500
Stored at 10 deg 11,600
Stored at 20 deg C 4.5 lakh
Stored at 30 deg C 140 crore
Milk is transported at 38o C , most optimum for bacterial growth
Why Bulk cooling ?
• Retains the milk quality
• One time collection saves the transportation cost
• Flexibility in milk delivery and pick-up
• No handling of cans, hence, reduces contamination
• Improves hygiene
• Available in different size / shape and configuration
• Capacities ranges from 325 lts to 16,000 lts.
• Facility of cleaning in place or manual cleaning
Gives flexibility in dispatch of milk to dairy even once in two days
(during lean season)
Automatic Milk Collection Units
• AMCU installation at the DCS helps in fast reception of milk
• AMCU gives correct calculation of % of fat and weighing, reducing chances of manipulation.
• AMCU creates faith of producer in the milk collection system.
• AMCU maintains individual producer record of milk for quality, quantity and payment
• AMCU installation at the DCS helps in fast reception of milk
• AMCU gives correct calculation of % of fat and weighment, reducing chances of manipulation.
• AMCU creates faith of producer in the milk collection system.
• AMCU maintains individual producer record of milk for quality, quantity and payment
Monday, 24 June 2019
Friday, 21 June 2019
Solids Ejecting Centrifuge
Solids-ejecting
centrifuge
Applications
centrifuge is hermetic solids-ejecting
centrifuge in clarifier execution. It
is used for removing
suspended solids with particle sizes
from approximately 0.5
to 500 μm from a liquid having a lower
specific gravity than
the solids. The solids content in the
feed is normally in the
range of 0.1-0.5% by volume, but can
vary between different
duties.
The machine is frequently used in
various beverages
Applications
Working principle
The feed is introduced to the rotating
centrifuge bowl
from the bottom via the hollow drive
spindle pipe and is accelerated in a distributor before entering the disc stack.
It is between the discs that the separation takes
place. The liquid phase moves towards
the centre of the bowl,
from where it is pumped out under
pressure by means of a
built-in pump disc. The heavier solids
phase is collected at the bowl
periphery from where it is discharged
intermittently via the
centrifuge cyclone.
The solids discharge is achieved by a
hydraulic system
below the separation space in the bowl
which at certain
intervals forces the sliding bowl
bottom (5) to drop down,
thus opening the solids ports at the
bowl periphery.
The bowl is mounted on a vertical
spindle driven by a
horizontally mounted motor via a worm
gear.
Special features
Centrifuge has a variable, partial
discharge, meaning
that the discharge volume can be
adjusted. This system has
the advantage of giving a dry solids
phase, thus minimising
liquid losses. Discharges take place
at full speed without any
interruption of the feed. The
separator is fully hermetical which eliminates oxygen
pick-up in the product and has a
built-in pump disc for the
liquid phase which eliminates the need
for an external pump.
The flange-mounted motor is of controlled
torque type,
which eliminates the need for a
clutch.
The drive system is splash lubricated
and without any
need for an external lubrication
circuit.
The frame top parts are water cooled.
· Nozzles for flushing of the sediment
outlet
· Oil cooler
· Flushing above and under the bowl
·
Flushing in cyclone
Standard design
All liquid-wetted parts are in
high-grade stainless steel
and liquid-wetted rubber gaskets in
nitrile.
The centrifuge is available with main
connections
according to SMS standards.
The centrifuge is equipped with
sensors for monitoring
vibration level and a cover switch to
be used for preventing
the motor from being started unless
the centrifuge top part
has been properly mounted.
The centrifuge is equipped with
anchoring feet and
vibration dampers.
Technical specification
Max. throughput capacity 40 m3/h
Max. solids-handling capacity 480 dm3/h
Feed temperature range 0 -100 °C
Feed inlet pressure required 0-550 kPa
Liquid outlet pressure available
100-1000 kPa
Installed motor power 22 kW
Noise level (ISO 3744 or 3746) 80 dB(A
1) Valid for large paring disc. Actual
throughput capacity
depends on amount and type of solids
in the feed, viscosity
and required degree of clarification.
2) Wet solids. Actual amount depends
on discharge volume and
application.
3) Valid for water at throughput
capacity 10-40 m3/h, varies
depending on required liquid outlet
pressure.
4) Valid for water at throughput
capacity 10-40 m3/h and inlet
pressure of 600 kPa, varies depending
on inlet pressure and
capacity.
Utilities consumption
Electric power : 9 - 18 kW
Operating liquid : 10 - 100 dm3/h
+ 1.5 dm3/discharge
Flushing liquid : 0 - 25 dm3/discharge
Cooling water : 0 - 100 dm3/h
Cooling water, oil cooler : 80 - 100
dm3/h
Cooling water, mechanical seals : 120
- 160 dm3/h
Instrument
air 5 Ndm3/discharge
MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR GHEE BOILER
|
MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR GHEE BOILER
|
||
|
Sl. No.
|
Item Description
|
Quantity
|
|
1
|
SS-304,
6mm thick
|
500 kgs
|
|
2
|
SS-304,
2MM thick
|
200 kgs
|
|
3
|
M.S.
Sheet, 6 mm thick
|
528 kgs
|
|
4
|
M. S.
Flat, 120 mtrs
|
500 kgs
|
|
5
|
Agitator
Assembly
|
|
|
|
- geared
Motor 1.5 HP, 16rpm
|
1 No.
|
|
|
- S.S.
Shaft - 40mm dia
|
2mtr/20kg
|
|
|
- SS
Shaft - 65mm dia
|
300mm/10kg
|
|
|
- SS
Pipe, S-40
|
5mtrs/25kg
|
|
|
- SS
Flat 10 x 65mm
|
5mtrs/26kg
|
|
|
- SS
Flat 10 x 50mm
|
1mtrs/4kg
|
|
|
- Bush
Pin coupling (126 hub)
|
1 No.
|
|
6
|
Outlet Valve
63.5 dia/51mm
|
1 each
|
|
7
|
Steam
Connector with trap and Inlet Valve
|
-
|
|
8
|
Temp.
Prove
|
|
|
9
|
Insulation
(Hot), 11 sq.mm x 100 sq.mm thick, Resin Bounded pads with wire mesh etc.,
Density 100kg/sq.mtr.
|
-
|
|
10
|
Safety
valve 15NB/4kg/sq.mtr. Pressure
|
1 No.
|
|
11
|
Consumables
|
1 Lot
|
ControlLogix
ControlLogix
ControlLogix sets a new standard for the process controllers to provide the high performance your application requires in an easy-to-use environment. The ControlLogix controller, with memory options ranging up to 8M bytes, supports intensive process applications and provides fast processing of motion applications. The memory options allow you to specify the appropriate controller for your application. No processor is needed to perform bridging and routing of I/O and, as your system grows, the network permits distributing control to additional chassis.
- Modular, high-performance control platform suited
for sequential, process, drive, and motion control —Every ControlLogix processor can perform
multiple control tasks, reducing the number of controllers you need, so
troubleshooting is faster. Multiple periodic tasks can be triggered
differently to achieve higher levels of performance.
- Mix multiple processors, networks and I/O without
restriction —The high
performance of the ControlLogix platform is due in part to the
ControlLogix backplane which operates as a very fast NetLinx network.
ControlLogix processors, I/O and communication modules have the
intelligence to act like independent nodes on that network.
- Connects to the NetLinx Open Network Architecture—Communicate information seamlessly throughout
the plant, from shop floor to top floor, and to and from the Internet for
e-business applications.
- Wide range of I/O modules—Analog, digital and specialty I/O modules meet
your application demands.
Product Design
The multi-tasking operating system used in all ControlLogix processors supports 32 configurable continuous or periodic tasks that can be prioritized for executing the program code according to the application. Up to 32 programs, each with its own local data and logic may be assigned to a task, allowing virtual machines to operate independently within the same processor. Symbolic addressing (compliant with IEC 1131-3) lets you identify data by its use in the application, independent of the hardware. You can create libraries of standard routines that can be re-used on multiple machines or applications. User-defined structures and arrays allow data to be structured to fit the application. RSLogix 5000 software provides complete programming and configuration support. The ControlLogix processor module can be placed into any slot of a ControlLogix I/O chassis and multiple processor modules can be plugged into the same backplane. These processors can communicate with each other over the backplane (just as processors can communicate over networks) but otherwise operate independently.
ControlLogix processors provide modular user memory
(750K through 8M bytes) and can address a large amount of I/O (4,000 analog or
128,000 digital I/O maximum). They are capable of controlling local I/O and
remotely located I/O. The maximum number of I/O locations (connections) remote
from a single processor is 250. The processor can monitor/control these I/O
across EtherNet/IP, ControlNet, DeviceNet, and Universal Remote I/O links.
With multiple processor modules in a ControlLogix I/O
chassis (not applicable in a Redundant System) or even within a ControlNet
network, all processors can read the input values from all input modules. Any
single processor can control any particular output module. You configure the
system to specify which processor is to control each output module.
Communication
With the exception of an RS-232 (DF1/DH-485 protocol) port built into the processor, interfacing with communication networks is modular. Separate communication interface modules are available for interfacing between the backplane and the EtherNet/IP, ControlNet, DeviceNet, DH+, and Universal Remote I/O links. If you plug multiple communication interface modules into the ControlLogix backplane, you can bridge and route data between the RS-232, ControlNet, EtherNet/IP, Data Highway Plus, and DeviceNet networks.
With the exception of an RS-232 (DF1/DH-485 protocol) port built into the processor, interfacing with communication networks is modular. Separate communication interface modules are available for interfacing between the backplane and the EtherNet/IP, ControlNet, DeviceNet, DH+, and Universal Remote I/O links. If you plug multiple communication interface modules into the ControlLogix backplane, you can bridge and route data between the RS-232, ControlNet, EtherNet/IP, Data Highway Plus, and DeviceNet networks.
A ControlLogix processor communicates across the
ControlLogix backplane with communication interface modules that provide
interfaces for monitoring/controlling I/O across EtherNet/IP, ControlNet,
DeviceNet, or Universal Remote I/O links. At other nodes on the EtherNet/IP or
ControlNet link, the same communication interface modules provide interfaces to
the EtherNet/IP or ControlNet link for 1756 I/O located remotely from the
ControlLogix processor. General communication messages can be sent from or
received by ControlLogix processors across EtherNet/IP, DeviceNet, or
ControlNet networks, as well as RS-232-C or Data Highway Plus networks.
System Components
A ControlLogix/1756 control system at minimum consists
of a processor module and communication gateways in a single ControlLogix
chassis with a power supply.
You
can plug multiple communication modules into the backplane to improve
performance by providing multiple paths for data transfer. Any processor,
communication, or I/O module can be placed into any module slot in the chassis.
You plug a ControlLogix power supply into the left end of each chassis.
Depending on the communication ports available on your particular ControlLogix/1756 control system, you can select operator interfaces that are compatible with those particular ports.
Depending on the communication ports available on your particular ControlLogix/1756 control system, you can select operator interfaces that are compatible with those particular ports.
System Redundancy
The ControlLogix environment
offers different levels of redundancy. You can configure a redundant
ControlLogix system by populating two ControlLogix chassis identically with one
Logix556x processor, ControlNet
Bridge
No user programming is required to implement
redundancy in ControlLogix systems.
Configuring a system for redundancy is as easy as selecting "Redundancy
Enabled" from the Controller Properties dialog. You only have to download
your program to the primary controller, as the system automatically cross-loads
the primary controller's program to the secondary controller.
In a redundant ControlLogix system, the secondary
controller is synchronized with the primary controller to provide a bumpless
switchover for any outputs controlled by logic in the highest priority task.
Switchover occurs within approximately 100ms and is transparent to any devices
networked to the redundant controller
Summary:
The ControlLogix system offers a superior approach to multiple types of
control. You can perform sequential, process, drive or motion control - in any
combination - with this single system. Engineering productivity is increased
through such tools as advanced diagnostics and symbolic programming. And your
investment in ControlLogix is assured through with such features as
flash-upgradable firmware.
Communications
provides the core for this powerful, contemporary control system. System
bottlenecks are eliminated because the ControlLogix passive data bus takes
advantage of producer/consumer network technology to provide a high
performance, deterministic and distributed solution. Within a chassis, this
flexible architecture permits multiple processors, networks, and I/O to be
mixed without restrictions and as your system grows, ControlNet provides the
link to distributing control to additional chassis. The ControlLogix approach
meets the demand for increased communications to assure that data will flow
where needed in your system. ControlLogix communication modules support open
networks such as Ethernet, ControlNet and DeviceNet networks.
As a
high-performance, passive multi-master bus, the ControlLogix backplane serves
as a conduit for passing packets of information among any or all of the modules
in the chassis. This allows for:
·
bridging of networks without the need for
a controller
·
placing any combination, arrangement, or
quantity of controllers, I/O modules, or communication modules in the chassis
·
removal and insertion under power (RIUP)
of any module without disrupting the other modules in the system
ControlLogix Processors Specifications
|
Typical
Execution Time
|
0.08 millisecs
for 1 K Boolean
|
|
|
Typically 400
PID loops at a rate of 250ms.
|
|
Shock,
Operating
|
30 g peak
acceleration for 11 ms duration
|
|
Shock,
Non-Operating
|
50 g peak
acceleration for 11 ms duration
|
|
Vibration
|
10…500 Hz 2.0 g
maximum peak acceleration
|
|
Operating
Temperature
|
0…60 °C (32…140
°F)
|
|
Storage
Temperature
|
-40…85 °C
(-40…185 °F)
|
|
Relative
Humidity
|
5…95% (without
condensation)
|
Processing of Casein
Process
description for the processing of Casein
The
pasteurized skim milk or diluted concentrated skim milk is conveyed by the
centrifugal pump from the balance tank
through the plate heat exchanger.
There the milk is heated up to a temperature
of approx 300C by the returning whey from the decanter. Afterwards
whey will be cooled further down to approx. 100C by water and ice
water.
After
that the skim milk is acidified to a pH – value of 4.55 by means of HCL dosing
system.
After
a short reaction time the acidified milk is heated up to a coagulating
temperature in the tubular heat exchanger.
In
the reaction section the casein grain are formed which are separated from the
whey in the first decanter.
The
discharged whey will cooled down by regenerative heat exchange in the first
plate heater.
Further cooling of the whey to approx. 60C
will be done in the second section by using water and in the third section by
using ice water.
The separated casein grain with approx.
40-42% DS falls directly into the washing tank where it is mixed with wash
water which is discharged from the third decanter.
From there the casein water mixture will be
transferred into the second decanter. The discharged casein particles enters
now the second washing tank. There the casein is mixed with fresh hot
demineralised water of approx. 950C.
By means of this procedure the casein
particles will be pasteurized in order to minimize the bacteria count.
The hot casein water mixture is cooled down
to separating temperature in the tubular cooler.
After a short reaction time by passing
through the reaction stage the casein water mixture will be lead into the third
decanter.
The casein is concentrated to a DS of approx.
45-48% in the decanter.
By means of a pneumatic conveying system the
casein is blown into the dryer.
2.1
Wash Water
Wash
water is specified as per IDF Standard No. 117/1979
Initial
pH 6.5 to
7.5
Total
hardness max. 90mg/l (PPM) =
60 DH = 1.78mVal/L
Free
Chlorides max 1.0 mg/L
Iron,
max 0.2mg/L
Magnesium,
max 0.5mg/L
Temperature 10 to 12 0C
Pressure 4.0 bar
Wash
water intake 20% - 25% of
the skim milk intake during production
3.0
PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS (IDF)
1.
Specification of Acid Casein
|
|
Acid
Casein
Edible
Grade
|
Acid
Casein
Extra
Edible Grade
|
Acid
Casein
First
Grade Industry
|
Acid
Casein
Stand.
Grade
Industry
|
|
Moisture
|
12%
|
10%
max
|
12%
|
12%
max
|
|
Fat
|
1.75&
max
|
1.5%
max
|
1.75%
|
2%
max.
|
|
Free
Acidity, expressed as L. Acid
|
0.2%
max.
|
0.2%
max
|
0.3%
|
0.3%
|
|
Ash
|
2.2%
max.
|
2.2%
max
|
----
|
----
|
|
Protein
(moisture free basis)
|
94%
|
95%
|
----
|
----
|
|
Lactose
|
0.3%
|
0.2%
|
----
|
----
|
|
Colour
|
White
to pale cream
|
White
to pale cream
|
White
to pale cream
|
|
|
Penicillin
|
Negative
|
Negative
|
Negative
|
Negative
|
|
Phosphatase
|
Negative
|
Negative
|
Negative
|
Negative
|
|
SPC TBS
|
30000
max/g
|
30000
max/g
|
-----
|
-----
|
|
Coliforms
|
Negative
|
Neg.
in 0.1g
|
-----
|
-----
|
|
Yeast
& Moulds
|
50
max/g
|
50
max/g
|
-----
|
-----
|
|
Thermophile
|
5000
max/g
|
5000
max/g
|
-----
|
-----
|
|
Pathogenic
Organisms
|
Negative
|
Negative
|
-----
|
-----
|
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